X Rays Madical & Spectra

Question: Explain X-ray spectra and medical uses of X-rays? Answer: Assessment The two mechanisms for the X-ray production are- Thermal emission: - In this mechanism when the hot gas atoms moves with increased kinetic energy and at a higher temperature and thus collides with each other so emits electrons to higher energy levels and these emitted electrons are the X-ray spectra. Bremsstrahlung: - In this mechanism when the charged particles are accelerated then radiations are emitted because the charged particles are accelerated around the nucleus of the ionized beam. The structure of a X-ray tube is sown in the figure below in this tube a high voltage anode is set at an angle and a tungsten target which has a large target area is which generates the X-rays when the charged electrons strikes on it. The rotating anode tube is a rotating negative ions tube which has a solid bar of copper with inset of tungsten on the face of the bar opposite to the cathode. The tungsten has high melting point and large effective target area which allows producing the X-rays. The main importance of reducing exposure dose and time is to protect a human body or a thing from the concentration of high radiation X-rays at a particular position. This can be achieved by the mechanisms known as fluoroscopy and computed tomography. Te X-ray spectra for tube voltage, tube current and the target material can be shown as- The rotating anode tube is a rotating negative ions tube which has a solid bar of copper with inset of tungsten on the face of the bar opposite to the cathode. The tungsten has high melting point and large effective target area which allows producing the X-rays. The main importance of reducing exposure dose and time is to protect a human body or a thing from the concentration of high radiation X-rays at a particular position. This can be achieved by the mechanisms known as fluoroscopy and computed tomography. Te X-ray spectra for tube voltage, tube current and the target material can be shown as- The rotating anode tube is a rotating negative ions tube which has a solid bar of copper with inset of tungsten on the face of the bar opposite to the cathode. The tungsten has high melting point and large effective target area which allows producing the X-rays. The advantages of rotating anode over the fixed anode tube are- Rotating anode frameworks can shoot longer and at higher dosage. In the event that you mean to perform longer sweeps like run-offs or cross laterals, or outputs obliging higher dosage for bigger patients, you'll be sending a considerable measure more power into your cathode and the rotating anode will be best for it whereas for small time duration and the small dosages stationary anode tube is best suited. The main importance of reducing exposure dose and time is to protect a human body or a thing from the concentration of high radiation X-rays at a particular position. This can be achieved by the mechanisms known as fluoroscopy and computed tomography. Image (a) relates to the three kinds of changes in the operating conditions. The physical processes for these modifications are- Attenuation by photoelectric effect is the absorption of x-rays occurs when the x-ray photon is absorbed, resulting in the ejection of electrons from the outer shell of the atom, and hence the ionization of the atom. Pair production: - Pair production occurs when an electron and positron are created with the annihilation of the x-ray photon. Compton scattering: - By this method attenuation occurs due to interaction with the electrons in the path. Scattering: - the attenuation due to scattering takes place because of the deviation / divergence from the path of the electrons. 2.1 Attenuation can be defined as the loss in intensity of the radiation when passing from a medium. Scattering: - the attenuation due to scattering takes place because of the deviation / divergence from the path of the electrons. Attenuation by photoelectric effect is the absorption of x-rays occurs when the x-ray photon is absorbed, resulting in the ejection of electrons from the outer shell of the atom, and hence the ionization of the atom. Compton scattering: - By this method attenuation occurs due to interaction with the electrons in the path. Pair production: - Pair production occurs when an electron and positron are created with the annihilation of the x-ray photon. 2.2 The attenuation affects the photon energy, transmission material, and the distance travelled as the intensity due to attenuation is reduces therefore the photon energy reduces thus distance travelled will also be reduced and the transmission material will only be concentrated up-to a low depth. 2.3 The construction of a X-beam bar in the body is utilized as a part of customary radiography to venture a shadow onto a picture receptor (as demonstrated in the figure beneath). These shadow diagrams record a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional item. Little injuries are accordingly not promptly recognized on account of covering and basic life systems, picture mutilation happens in light of unequal amplification impacts and low complexity masses are ineffectively depicted since diffuse contributes significantly to the picture information. One approach to enhance this circumstance is to utilize X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT). Note that the picture recreation calculations created for X-beam CT can likewise be connected to gamma camera pictures (as in SPECT) to overcome constraints of planar atomic imaging and to pictures produced utilizing positron-transmitting radioisotopes (as in PET). 3.1. X-ray slice data is generated using an X-ray source that rotates around the object; X-ray sensors are positioned on the opposite side of the circle from the X-ray source. Many data scans are progressively taken as the object is gradually passed through the gantry. They are combined together by the mathematical procedure known as tomographic reconstruction. The three dimensional volumetric information in straight, spiral or circular way leads to CAT scanner. 3.2 Radiotherapy is the process of killing the cells of cancer by the beam of radiation. This intends to murder any malignancy cells which may have stayed after surgery. Unless treated, these may have created a repeat of the tumor at a later time. Radiotherapy given after surgery is called adjuvant radiotherapy. Now and again radiotherapy is given before surgery, to lessen the span of the tumor and make it simpler to uproot. The use of charged particle therapy to control tumours non-invasively offers advantages over conventional radiotherapy. Protons and heavy ions deposit energy far more selectively than X-rays, allowing a higher local control of the tumour, a lower probability of damage to healthy tissue, low risk of complications and the chance for a rapid recovery after therapy. Charged particles are also useful for treating tumours located in areas that surround tissues that are radiosensitive and in anatomical sites where surgical access is limited. References: - KUHN, H. G. Atomic spectra In-text: (Kuhn, 1969) Bibliography: Kuhn, H. (1969). Atomic spectra. New York: Academic Press. MONELL, S. H. A system of instruction in X-ray methods and medical uses of light, hot-air, vibration and high-frequency currents In-text: (Monell, 1902) Bibliography: Monell, S. (1902). A system of instruction in X-ray methods and medical uses of light, hot-air, vibration and high-frequency currents. New York: E.R. Pelton. MONELL, S. H. AND PREÃÅ' VOST, L. C. A system of instruction in X-ray methods and medical uses of light, hot-air, vibration and high-frequency currents In-text: (Monell and PreÃÅ' vost, 1902) Bibliography: Monell, S. and PreÃÅ' vost, L. (1902). A system of instruction in X-ray methods and medical uses of light, hot-air, vibration and high-frequency currents. New York: E. R. Pelton. RAMATY, R. AND MANDZHAVIDZE, N. High energy solar physics In-text: (Ramaty and Mandzhavidze, 2000) Bibliography: Ramaty, R. and Mandzhavidze, N. (2000). High energy solar physics. San Francisco, Calif.: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. SHANNON, J. B. Medical tests sourcebook In-text: (Shannon, 2004) Bibliography: Shannon, J. (2004). Medical tests sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. SZYMKOWIAK, A. E. X-ray spectra of supernova remnants In-text: (Szymkowiak, 1985) Bibliography: Szymkowiak, A. (1985). X-ray spectra of supernova remnants. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch.